The man almost took the dirty secret of his death to his grave. The Tarrant County medical examiners office said injuries from a pickup wreck killed him. But after a funeral director hundreds of miles away found a bullet in the mans head, authorities realized a killer was on the loose.
Worse has happened in the autopsy suites of Texas medical examiners.
A child molester faked his own death and almost got away with it after the Travis County medical examiner mistook the burned body of an 81-year-old woman for the 23-year-old man.
A woman was on her way to Death Row in Alabama after a medical examiner now working in Texas said she had suffocated her newborn. The sad truth, other experts said, was that the baby was stillborn.
An Austin baby sitter has spent years on death row for a baby's murder. The medical examiner whose testimony helped put her there now says the baby's death may have been an accident.
The medical examiner is the doctor-detective who is supposed to extract truth from the hodgepodge of details about a death. By examining body tissues, organs and fluids, gathering data from a crime scene and examining lab results, the medical examiner provides insight into how and why someone has died. Those judgments are of consequence for violent or suspicious deaths, as well as for unexplained deaths and those that might result from negligence or improper care.
County officials say the state's system works well by unraveling questions surrounding death at a reasonable cost to taxpayers. In the courtroom, much of the work, they say, stands up to scrutiny.
But over the years, Texas medical examiners have misidentified bodies, botched examinations and had to do a double take on cases of individuals later exonerated by law enforcement. That has opened the door for innocent men and women to go to prison and killers to go free. The slapdash work of some medical examiners could also allow public health threats, wrongful deaths and preventable medical errors to go undetected, experts warn.
"The work of the medical examiner's office is just so slipshod," said Tommy Turner, the former special prosecutor who put a Lubbock medical examiner behind bars for falsifying autopsies.
Critics say the medical examiner's office is "the last bastion of junk science." The problems, they say, are similar to those that plagued the states crime labs for years: lack of performance standards, poor documentation, a shortage of qualified personnel and lax oversight.
"The state does not keep track of MEs in any shape, form or fashion," Bexar County Chief Medical Examiner Randall Frost said. The state doesn't even know how many certified forensic pathologists work in government offices, he added.
And a medical examiner doesnt have to be trained in forensics or pass a specialty exam to do an autopsy. All that's required is a state medical license. That's akin to having your family doctor do brain surgery, says a growing chorus of medical examiners.
"It's a travesty for Texas," Frost said. "Most people are horrified that there are no qualifications for this field under the law. They are shocked when I tell them that."
Thoroughness questioned
How often do autopsy blunders occur? No one knows because there are no state data to track when a medical examiner recants a previous determination or when colleagues resoundingly disagree with him or her, leading to different outcomes on death certificates or death row.
The Texas Medical Board keeps records on physicians found to have fallen short of the standards of care or to have committed other violations. But for years, it didn't consider the performance of an autopsy as the practice of medicine because an autopsy has no potential to harm the patient. The board reversed its position in 2000 when it disciplined an unlicensed physician working at the Harris County medical examiner's office. The office was the target of whistle-blower lawsuits and complaints from the district attorney.
Still, the board said it receives few complaints about medical examiners.
County officials, among others, say that if there are problems with medical examiners opinions, the adversarial system of the courts will help ensure that they are exposed. By and large, there have been no such revelations, the officials say.
"We've not had district attorneys coming and saying, 'We're losing because we're not getting quality autopsy work,'" said Donald Lee, executive director of the Texas Conference of Urban Counties. "If there was a widespread problem with the autopsy process, you would think that DAs would be coming to their fellow county officials and raising the alarm."
In Tarrant County, officials say there may be problems elsewhere in Texas, but they are confident in Chief Medical Examiner Nizam Peerwani's office.
"I've heard horror stories from other counties about their medical examiner," County Commissioner Gary Fickes said. "But I have not been made aware of any major problems, just a few little items, but I don't think they are of any magnitude."
Turner sees flaws in such arguments. Who would complain, he asks. "First of all, the person that you're performing the work on is dead," he said. "They're not going to complain."
And grieving families may not know whether a licensed physician examined their loved one or whether appropriate tests were conducted, he noted.
Concerns are being pushed into the limelight, though. Convictions have been overturned or called into question because of incomplete or sloppy autopsy records, failure to conduct vital tests and preserve key evidence, or the use of flawed methods.
A half-dozen forensic pathologists have criticized Webb County Chief Medical Examiner Corinne Stern's autopsy of a newborn when she worked in Alabama. She said the infant was suffocated, but other experts said that her finding was based on junk science and that the boy was stillborn. As a result, a capital murder charge against the mother was dismissed.
Some medical examiners themselves question the thoroughness of some autopsies. Their concerns were echoed in a report by the National Academy of Sciences to Congress this year. It said the quality of forensic science work including crime labs and medical examiners' offices is undermined by inadequate training, inconsistent practices and a lack of oversight.
"These shortcomings pose a threat to the quality and credibility of forensic science practice and its service to the justice system," the report warns.
Major blunders
Elizabeth Gard's husband died within 48 hours of being admitted to an El Paso hospital. She waited 2 1/2 months for the autopsy report, wondering whether his death resulted from injuries in a traffic accident 6 weeks earlier or poor medical care after the wreck.
When she finally saw the report, she was shocked to see her husband identified as Hispanic.
"He was white, blue eyes, really white. He was pink, a big white guy," she said. "There's no mistake he was a white man."
She called the medical examiner, and the error was corrected. But other problems surfaced that made her question the cause of death, and she was disturbed that no toxicology test was performed.
Medical examiners have goofed up eye color and gender. They've made mistakes on the locations of scars and tattoos, described gallbladders and appendixes that had long since been removed even confused one body for another.
Some medical examiners say such minor oversights don't indicate that the case has been bungled. Typos occur, and the eyes turn cloudy after death, Peerwani said.
An appendix may have been removed, but a fingertip-size portion could remain, he said.
But such errors call into question the integrity of death investigations, said Burnet County Justice of the Peace Peggy Simon, who caught numerous blunders by the Travis County medical examiner's office when it was headed by Dr. Roberto Bayardo.
Burnet County doesn't have a medical examiner, so like other counties with populations under 1 million, it relies on justices of the peace to sign death certificates. Simon goes to death scenes to perform the inquest, an inquiry to determine the cause of death.
Once, she saw a car crash victim's dentures lying next to his body. But when she read the autopsy report, it said the man's teeth were natural and in good condition.
Four years ago, she saw a charred body pulled from a car that was set on fire. Police identified the body as that of a man sentenced to prison for molesting a child. Apparently, he had killed himself. Final identification depended on findings by the medical examiner, which conducted autopsies not only for Travis but also for more than 40 other counties.
The autopsy, by Dr. Vladimir Parungao, reported that the body had a penis, as well as urine in the bladder. But Simon, who had observed the size of the body at the scene, challenged the autopsy and ordered DNA testing. Turned out the body was that of an elderly woman who had died more than a year earlier.
"A penis? Urine in the bladder? That would be pretty unlikely, I would think," Simon said.
The convicted man, Clayton Wayne Daniels, had dug up the body of the 81-year-old to fake his death.
"I wonder ... what mistakes your office has made?" Simon wrote the medical examiner.
Parungao told the Star-Telegram that when he received the body, police had identified it as Daniels. The body was so charred, he said, he had trouble identifying organs.
"I should have been very careful," he said. "I let my guard down."
He also said that Bayardo required pathologists to quickly issue autopsy reports, even before tests were completed; if new information came up, the policy was to amend the reports.
Bayardo, who has since retired, said that even competent medical examiners, like Parungao, can make mistakes. "He got bad information and took it 100 %," Bayardo said of his deputy in a recent interview.
Such inaccuracies can be corrected, he said; medical examiners can change their opinions, as he has done. Others say the willingness of some medical examiners to alter their conclusions shows their shaky foundation. In May 2007, Bayardo changed the original testimony that helped put Austin baby sitter Cathy Lynn Henderson on death row. In 1995, he testified that the baby died from intentional blows. But after experts hired by Henderson's attorneys challenged the opinion, Bayardo said he could not tell whether that had been the case or whether Henderson had accidentally dropped the child, as she claimed.
A criminal appeals court granted Henderson a reprieve 2 days before her scheduled execution. Her case was sent back to the trial court, where it is pending.
A team of other experts, including Galveston County Chief Medical Examiner Stephen Pustilnik, has reviewed the case for the state and said Bayardo was right the 1st time. Pustilnik said the baby's skull had been shattered and the death was clearly a homicide.
It took much probing to discover flaws in autopsies by former Lubbock Chief Medical Examiner Ralph Erdmann. After families raised concerns about errors in his work, Turner got court permission to disinter bodies so another pathologist could review the deaths. As the bodies were dug up, truths were unveiled.
A bullet was found inside the head of man whose autopsy report had noted an exit wound on the top of his head. A baby was found with intact intestines, though Erdmann had said the baby's bowels had been ruptured when he was struck.
Missing evidence
Lax laws and poor oversight allow such lapses, critics say.
One significant weakness: Texas law doesn't require medical examiners to take notes, produce body diagrams or photograph evidence.
Such documentation is essential, said Dr. Ray Fernandez, chief medical examiner for Nueces County. Without it, a medical examiner can't back up an autopsy in court or show the validity of conclusions if challenged.
"A good report is based on how well that person documents their observations, so that another pathologist looking at the photographs, the diagrams, the report looking at all of it can at least assess the accuracy of what was done," said Dr. LeRoy Riddick, a retired forensic pathologist who is a professor at the University of South Alabama. "The interpretations are something else."
In one of the state's most high-profile cases the 1991 murders of 4 teenage girls at an Austin yogurt shop pathologist Tommy Brown, who did the autopsies for Travis County, told jurors that he did not take crime scene photographs but relied on those taken by police.
He also said that "a lot of times" information he dictated didn't get into his autopsy reports or he didn't dictate information that should have been included. 2 men convicted in the slayings, based largely on their confessions, were released this summer after new DNA tests showed that another man could have been involved.
Bayardo told the Star-Telegram that he never took notes because he feared they would be subpoenaed.
"That's always a problem," he said.
Instead, he would create an autopsy report by dictating information on tape.
In another case that drew in the Tarrant medical examiners office, capital murder charges against a young couple were dismissed 2 years after their babys death when some evidence apparently disappeared.
That case offered up a merry-go-round of opinions.
Bayardo declared the cause of death undetermined. Peerwani, who was asked for a separate opinion, released a report saying that the baby died of head trauma and that the case was a homicide.
Bayardo questioned how Peerwani who didn't examine the brain because it was apparently misplaced came to that conclusion.
"How can you say she died of head injuries when you have no brain?" Bayardo said in a recent interview.
Peerwani has said he had slides with brain specimens and sent them to a specialist for review. The charges were dropped when the slides could not be found.
In a recent interview, Peerwani supported his preliminary finding of homicide: "A kid that little doesn't have so many rib fractures." The Texas Medical Board did take action after whistle-blowers complained about former Harris County Medical Examiner Joye Carter. Initially, it sought to revoke or suspend her license after finding that she used an unlicensed pathologist to conduct hundreds of autopsies. Eventually, though, she was fined $1,000.
Questions about her work continued to be raised.
Numerous pathologists, including Dr. Lloyd White of the Tarrant County medical examiner's office, have questioned Carters findings in the slaying of Conroe college student Melissa Trotter.
The time of the womans death was a critical piece of evidence. Carter said the young woman had been dead for 25 days or more when her body was found north of Houston. That helped persuade a jury to convict an ex-con. He could not have committed the crime if the woman had been dead a shorter time, because he was in jail for traffic violations.
But forensic pathologists testifying for the defense pointed to evidence that they said showed the body could not have been in the forest for more than 2 weeks. The young woman's weight before she died was just 4 pounds more than when Carter performed the autopsy. Had Trotter been dead for 25 days, her body would have been in more advanced stages of decomposition and weighed much less, the pathologists said.
Dr. Glenn Larkin, a former medical examiner in Pennsylvania, also called Carters autopsy "sloppy," "irresponsible" and "misleading," noting that key medical records were missing and that some tissue samples had disappeared.
After the criticism, Carter signed an affidavit agreeing that Trotter could not have been dead for more than 2 weeks. She blamed problems on not having key evidence during the autopsy. A video of the crime scene and medical records were not available to her, she wrote.
Carter did not respond to repeated requests for comment.
The convicted man's execution was postponed, but prosecutors are standing by Carter's original autopsy report. The defense team, clamoring for the appeals court to intervene, points out that the state is rejecting opinions from some of the very pathologists prosecutors have relied on in other criminal cases.
"If all [these] medical examiners are all wrong on Melissa Trotter, how can they be right on all other cases?" said private criminal investigator Tina Church.
"There's no room for error when somebodys life depends on their findings."
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Autopsies required
In Texas, inquests by medical examiners are required when:
- A person dies within 24 hours of admission to a hospital or institution.
- A person dies in prison or jail.
- A person is killed or dies an unnatural death.
- A person dies in the absence of one or more good witnesses.
- A body part or body of a person is found and the cause or circumstances of death are unknown.
- The circumstances of the death are suspicious.
- A person commits suicide or is suspected of having done so.
- A person dies without having been attended by a physician and the cause of death is unknown.
- A child younger than 6 dies and the death is reported under state law dealing with child welfare services.
- The attending physician is not certain about the cause of death.
[source: Texas law]
Source: Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Sept. 28, 2009
